I don't think that the average marine tank (whose owner is attempting to keep a healthy balance and not over-feed invert food) has a high-enough water-flow to support barnacles for too terribly long. The water and environments they are found in tend to be very turbulent with extremely high-water flow at regular intervals in waters that tend to be very rich with phyto and what not (either in rich inter-tidal zones or on ship's hulls, at shallow depths where PAR is high, or on a whale, etc.) I can find a lot of info on the life-cycle of the barnacle, but not the life-span.
I did find out that they are hermaphroditic and able to change sex, as well as having the longest penis in relation to body-size of any other creature in the animal kingdom. Get two, and if you can feed them enough without fouling your water for everything else in the tank, chances are you'll soon have more than you want. Many can live in locations where they only get 4 or 5 hours of submersion a day... I'd really have to think that unless you give them their own tank, unless you get some kind of nifty reef barnacle, you'd run a good risk of the barnacles over-running your tnak, not to mention sucking all the calcium out of the water with which to build their shells.